Is there a patch that lets me use the tan minimap to find the moving yellow dots and light green triangle?

Ouch, that's a bummer. I guess the devs haven't thought of this. There are basically no mods for the game out there. Contrast and saturation levels of your monitor could be a quick workaround, but I'd definitely let the devs know. They give support in the Steam forum (http://steamcommunity.com/app/227220/discussions/l=english). Maybe they come up with something.

I'll try playing with the saturation,
I should have thought of that because I did that with my last monitor.

My monitor also offers hue control, maybe yours too. If you're partial colorblind, you could try shifting the colors to a range that you're able to distinguish. The picture might look weird, but at least it would be a workaround.