no, it uses its own kernel, called "magenta".
It is based on LK, which is small, minimal kernel aimed at embedded systems.
Though the documentation says that magenta will be aimed at modern phones and modern personal computers with lots of RAM and arbitrary peripherals.

Hmm. Immediately coming to mind about that is how protected mode for the 386 is suppose work, where there's levels of permissions ranging from 0 (root/full access) to 4 (user space). Most OSes have 2 levels, 0 & 1, while 2&3 are left unchecked. Using those correctly you shouldn't need a sandbox that they use.

Levels include (if memory serves me right)
0 - kernel
1 - drivers
2 - deamons and other privileged services
3 - userland

Note: Yes I know Android machines are typically ARM systems, but they will likely still employ a similar permission system.

For higher security with some programs in Linux often the root directory is changed that can't be changed back while the process is running. This lets you experiment with new OS designs, limit programs that can be run, or most importantly keep access to only select files and directories.