With Windows 10, it should in theory be possible to run ANY software that was designed for any windows OS, and indeed a good portion of Mac Linux OS too. This based on my two semesters of studying Win 7 Client and Server, where I believe the same could be said.
I'm not saying that I've "done it" (though I have managed to get SFC 1 to work with very little issue in Windows 7). There are innumerable ways it might be done. One of the things I've noticed about Windows OS is that there are an almost excess of redundant systems and many ways to "skin a cat" as they say.
The one thing that isn't immediately obvious if you have no training in Windows configuration: effectively ALL the previous Operating Systems are "in there" for any Windows OS after about Win 2000. Microsoft understands that users interest in and ability with configuring machines ranges from Master of OS to "I just want to turn it on and use it." so they have not made the controls to explore use all this functionality obvious. But it is possible to run virtually any Windows OS through most modern Windows OS . . . or so I am led to believe by my textbooks and instructors. This is not something I'm an expert in, indeed I have very little experience doing it. There are probably important caveats to the principle, but it is my understanding that the principle is true: Win 10, Win 8, Win 7 should in theory be able to run software from _ANY_ previous version of Windows OS.
My suggestions for getting it to run:
1. Make sure the account on which you are logged into your machine is an Administrator account.
2. Right-click the file/icon that represents the executable for the game and select properties (might also work fine with the shortcut)
a. Explore settings like "run in emulator mode" or run in "Win XP." There are several different ways to do this, so my apologies for not providing exact terminology and steps. Google can be helpful here.
c. In Windows 7, one of the options that opens when you right-click is "Troubleshoot Compatibility" -> this was all I used to get the game to run (when I say 'run' I don't mean run flawlessly, it does occasionally glitch and crash. But it is playable and as long as I keep saves [and a copy file for 'archived' saves] not a big problem).
3. In the event nothing else works, and if you are feeling intrepid, it should be possible to set up a "virtual machine" that runs in Win XP on your rig, and to run the game from that VM. I have less experience with this, than any thing else I refer to here, but in theory that should also work.
ADDIT: point of note: my copy of SFC1 is actually running through "Compatibility mode (based on the properties in the desktop shortcut) and is running in "Windows Vista SP2" (SP2 = Service Pack 2).
Plokite_Wolf: Run it as admin.
Run it in Windows Vista SP2 compatibility mode.
Open sfc.ini and set the value async to 0.
As Plokit says: run as admin, run in Windows Vista SP2 compatibility mode. That is exactly what I did. I don't think I resent the async, but perhaps my specific GPU / drivers don't need that setting changed.